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Chronic kidney disease
What's new
Updated 2024 ESC and 2024 ESPEN guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease .
Background
Overview
Definition
CKD is defined as the presence of kidney damage persisting for > 3 months, which is manifested by decreased kidney function or albuminuria, measured by eGFR.
1
Pathophysiology
The most common causes of CKD include diabetes and hypertension. Other causes include infectious glomerulonephritis, renal vasculitis, ureteral obstruction, genetic alterations, and autoimmune diseases.
2
Disease course
CKD may be asymptomatic or result in vague symptoms, such as excessive tiredness, itching, sleep disturbance, lack of concentration, bone/joint pain, loss of appetite, loss of muscle strength, dyspnea, muscle spasm, and restless legs. Disease progression may lead to ESRD with uremic symptoms, and death.
3
Prognosis and risk of recurrence
The mortality of patients ≤ 60 years and > 60 years with CKD requiring hospital admission is 13.9% and 41.0%, respectively.
4
Guidelines
Key sources
The following summarized guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease are prepared by our editorial team based on guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA 2024), the British Medical Journal (BMJ 2024), the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN 2024), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC 2024,2023), the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (ICTMG ...
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