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Anemia of chronic kidney disease
Background
Overview
Definition
Anemia of CKD is usually normocytic, normochromic, and hypoproliferative, which increases as the kidney disease progresses.
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Pathophysiology
Anemia of CKD is mostly caused by a relative deficiency in EPO (EPO) production. Other causes include inflammation, iron deficiency, and accumulation of uremic toxins.
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Disease course
Decreased production of EPO due to worsening kidney function results in anemia of CKD, which causes clinical manifestations of decreased QoL, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, CKD progression, and cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Prognosis and risk of recurrence
Anemia of CKD among diabetics is associated with higher mortality (HR 3.61, 95% CI 2.48-5.26).
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Guidelines
Key sources
The following summarized guidelines for the evaluation and management of anemia of chronic kidney disease are prepared by our editorial team based on guidelines from the Japanese Society of Nephrology (JSN 2019), the United Kingdom Kidney Association (UKKA 2017), the British Committee for Standards In Haematology (BCSH 2013), and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Foundation (KDIGO 2012).
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