Screening and diagnosis

Classification and risk stratification

Perioperative care

Quality improvement

Patient education

Nonpharmacologic interventions

Therapeutic procedures

Respiratory support

Follow-up and surveillance

Specific circumstances

Preventative measures

Medical management

Surgical interventions

Inpatient care

Diagnostic procedures

Diagnostic investigations

Insufficient evidence to make a recommendation.

Strongly favor this test or intervention.

This tool helps determine whether a patient with acute appendicitis can transition from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics by evaluating four clinical criteria based on the patient’s current condition:

- Tolerating oral intake: The patient should be able to consume food and liquids without difficulty.
- Stable vital signs: Vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate should be stable.
- Afebrile for at least 24 hours: The patient must have been without a fever for a full day.
- Improving white blood cell count: This suggests that inflammation or infection is resolving.

The tool evaluates each criterion as a true or false condition. All four conditions must be true to recommend the switch to oral antibiotics. 

If all criteria are met, conversion from IV to PO antibiotics is suggested. However, if any of the conditions are not satisfied, the recommendation is to continue with IV antibiotics. This systematic approach supports healthcare providers in making informed clinical decisions regarding antibiotic management in patients with acute appendicitis.

The calculator in question is the Criteria for Intravenous (IV) to Oral (PO) Antibiotic Conversion in Acute Appendicitis. This clinical tool is used in the management of patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis, specifically those who have undergone appendectomy. 

The clinical utility of this calculator is to guide clinicians in determining the appropriate time to switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics, which can help to reduce hospital stay, healthcare costs, and potential complications associated with prolonged IV therapy. 

The criteria typically include factors such as patient's ability to tolerate oral intake, absence of fever for at least 24 hours, decreasing white blood cell count, and absence of signs of sepsis or other complications. 

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator may include patients with severe infection or sepsis, immunocompromised patients, those with complicated appendicitis (such as perforation or abscess), or those who are unable to take oral medications.

Criteria for IV to PO antibiotic conversion in acute appendicitis

The acetaminophen dosing calculator advises on appropriate dosing by considering a person's liver function and additional health conditions. 

Inputs:
- Hepatic function: 
  - Severe hepatic impairment
  - Mild-moderate hepatic impairment
  - No hepatic impairment
- Comorbid conditions: 
  - Chronic alcohol use
  - Chronic malnutrition
  - Severe hypovolemia

Computation:
- First, assess hepatic function:
  - If the person has severe hepatic impairment, acetaminophen is contraindicated.
  - If they have mild-moderate hepatic impairment, or no hepatic impairment, evaluate further based on comorbid conditions.
- Then, review comorbid conditions:
  - For mild-moderate hepatic impairment, or if the person has chronic alcohol use, chronic malnutrition, or severe hypovolemia, recommend a dose of 650 mg taken orally every 6 hours as needed.
  - If there are no comorbid conditions and the person has no hepatic impairment, the recommended dose is 975 mg taken orally every 6 hours as needed.

Possible Outcomes:
- Acetaminophen is contraindicated for those with severe hepatic impairment, meaning it should not be used.
- A prescription of 650 mg taken every 6 hours as needed is suggested for individuals with mild-moderate hepatic impairment or those with any of the specified comorbid conditions.
- For those without hepatic impairment and any specified comorbid conditions, the dose is 975 mg every 6 hours as needed.

This calculation ensures the safe administration of acetaminophen by adjusting dosages based on liver health and other relevant health factors. The goal is to tailor medication use to individual health needs to avoid complications.

The Acetaminophen Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) for a patient. This calculator is applicable to patients of all ages, including infants, children, and adults, who require pain relief or fever reduction. 

The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure safe and effective dosing of acetaminophen. It helps prevent overdosing, which can lead to serious liver damage, and underdosing, which may result in inadequate symptom control. 

The calculator takes into account the patient's weight and age to determine the correct dosage. It is important to note that the Acetaminophen Dosing Calculator should not be used in patients with liver disease or those who consume alcohol heavily, as these individuals may be at increased risk for acetaminophen toxicity.

Acetaminophen dosing calculator

This tool aids in determining whether antimicrobial therapy should be included in the treatment plan for a surgical site infection based on specific clinical cues. The following indicators might suggest the need for additional antimicrobial intervention:

- Erythema and induration extending more than 5 cm from the wound edge
- Body temperature exceeding 38.5 degrees Celsius
- Heart rate surpassing 110 beats per minute
- White blood cell count above 12,000 cells per microliter

The logic behind the tool is straightforward: if any of these signs are present, it advises considering the addition of antimicrobial therapy alongside other treatments. If none of these conditions is observed, the suggestion is to opt for incision and drainage procedures alone.

In essence, this approach leverages certain physiological markers to guide clinicians on whether the infection might need an enhanced treatment plan with antimicrobials to boost the patient's recovery prospects.

The calculator in question is the "Indications for Antimicrobial Therapy in Surgical Site Infection" calculator. This tool is used in the clinical setting to guide the decision-making process regarding the initiation of antimicrobial therapy in patients who have undergone surgical procedures and are suspected of having a surgical site infection (SSI). 

The patient population to which this calculator applies includes all patients who have undergone any form of surgical procedure, regardless of the type of surgery or the patient's age, sex, or underlying health conditions. 

The clinical utility of this calculator lies in its ability to help clinicians determine whether a patient with a suspected SSI should be started on antimicrobial therapy. It takes into account various factors such as the patient's symptoms, the appearance of the surgical site, and the results of any relevant laboratory tests. 

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator. However, it should be noted that the decision to initiate antimicrobial therapy should always be based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, and the calculator should be used as a guide rather than a definitive decision-making tool.

Indications for antimicrobial therapy in surgical site infection

The Alvarado score is a diagnostic tool used to assess the likelihood of appendicitis based on a patient's clinical presentation. It considers eight specific signs and symptoms, with each receiving a designated point value. The sum of these values yields a total score that helps in evaluating the likelihood of appendicitis.

What this involves is a checklist of symptoms and signs:

- Right lower quadrant tenderness is worth 2 points.
- An elevated temperature (higher than 37.3 degrees Celsius) adds 1 point.
- Rebound tenderness contributes an additional 1 point.
- Migration of abdominal pain to the right lower quadrant counts for 1 point.
- Anorexia, or loss of appetite, is also scored as 1 point.
- Nausea or vomiting likewise adds 1 point to the total.
- Leukocytosis, defined as a white blood cell count exceeding 10,000, provides 2 points.
- A left shift in leukocyte count, a sign of increased immature white blood cells, contributes 1 point.

To calculate the Alvarado score, determine the presence of each symptom or sign. If present, assign the associated points and sum them to get a score between 0 and 10.

The resulting score is then interpreted as follows:

- A score of 7 or above indicates "Probable appendicitis." This suggests a high likelihood of appendicitis, often prompting further medical evaluation, such as imaging or surgical consultation.
- Scores ranging from 5 to 6 denote "Possible appendicitis," indicating that appendicitis could be present. Medical professionals would typically consider additional clinical judgment and possibly further testing.
- A score below 5 implies "Unlikely appendicitis," suggesting that appendicitis is less probable, although it's important that clinicians still consider the broader clinical context.

This scoring system provides a structured approach, aiding healthcare providers in the initial assessment and decision-making process regarding suspected appendicitis.

The Alvarado Score is a clinical scoring system used to assess the likelihood of appendicitis in patients presenting with right lower quadrant abdominal pain. It was developed by Dr. Alfredo Alvarado in 1986. The score is calculated based on eight clinical features, each assigned a certain number of points. These features include symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory results. 

The Alvarado Score is particularly useful in the emergency department setting, helping clinicians decide whether a patient requires surgical consultation, further diagnostic imaging, or can be safely discharged. It is applicable to all age groups, but it should be used with caution in pregnant women due to the potential for atypical presentations of appendicitis in this population. 

The score is not recommended for use in patients with known gastrointestinal diseases, previous abdominal surgeries, or other conditions that may mimic the symptoms of appendicitis, as these could potentially skew the results.

Alvarado score

The AWOL score for delirium is a tool used to estimate the likelihood of a hospitalized patient developing delirium. It considers four key factors:

- Age: Patients under 80 years of age score 0, while those 80 or older receive a score of 1.
- Ability to spell "world" backward: If the patient can spell it correctly, they score 0; if not, they score 1.
- Orientation to their environment: Patients who know the city, state, county, hospital name, and floor score 0, whereas those who do not score 1.
- Nursing illness severity assessment: This is a checklist where being "Not ill" or "Mildly ill" scores 0, and being "Moderately ill," "Severely ill," or "Moribund" scores 1.

To calculate the AWOL score, add up the scores from each input. The total AWOL score ranges from 0 to 4. The interpretation of this score is as follows:

| AWOL Score | Interpretation of Delirium Risk |
|------------|---------------------------------|
| 0          | 2% risk of delirium during hospitalization |
| 1          | 4% risk of delirium during hospitalization |
| 2          | 14% risk of delirium during hospitalization |
| 3          | 20% risk of delirium during hospitalization |
| 4          | 64% risk of delirium during hospitalization |

A lower score suggests a minimal risk of delirium, whereas a higher score indicates a greater likelihood of experiencing delirium during the hospital stay.

The AWOL Score for Delirium, also known as the AWOL Delirium Risk Score, is a clinical calculator used to assess the risk of delirium in hospitalized adults. The acronym AWOL stands for Age, inability to spell World backwards, Orientation to place, and iLlness severity. 

This scoring system is particularly useful in identifying patients who are at high risk of developing delirium during their hospital stay, allowing for early intervention and management strategies to be implemented. 

The AWOL Score for Delirium is not recommended for use in patients with pre-existing cognitive impairment or dementia, as these conditions can confound the assessment of delirium risk. Additionally, it may not be applicable in patients who are unable to communicate effectively due to language barriers or severe illness.

AWOL score for delirium

The ARISCAT score evaluates the respiratory risk for patients undergoing surgery by examining several preoperative and surgical factors. These inputs include the patient's age, preoperative oxygen saturation, recent respiratory infections, anemia status, type of surgical incision, estimated surgery duration, and whether the surgery is an emergency.

Each factor is assigned a specific score:

- **Age in years:**
  - <= 50: 0 points
  - 51-80: 3 points
  - > 80: 16 points

- **Preoperative SpO₂:**
  - >= 96%: 0 points
  - 91-95%: 8 points
  - <= 90%: 24 points

- **Respiratory infection in the last month:**
  - Yes: 17 points
  - No: 0 points

- **Preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <= 10 g/dL):**
  - Yes: 11 points
  - No: 0 points

- **Surgical incision:**
  - Peripheral: 0 points
  - Upper abdominal: 15 points
  - Intrathoracic: 24 points

- **Duration of surgery:**
  - <= 2 hours: 0 points
  - 2-3 hours: 16 points
  - > 3 hours: 23 points

- **Emergency surgery:**
  - Yes: 8 points
  - No: 0 points

By totaling the scores from these criteria, the ARISCAT score estimates the risk of in-hospital postoperative pulmonary complications. Interpretation is straightforward:

- A score less than 26 indicates a 1.6% risk.
- Scores between 26 and 44 suggest a 13.3% risk.
- Scores over 44 are associated with a 42.1% risk.

This risk evaluation assists healthcare providers in tailoring preoperative and postoperative care to mitigate potential respiratory complications.

The Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score, commonly known as the ARISCAT score, is a clinical calculator used to predict the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing non-cardiothoracic surgery. This scoring system is applicable to a wide range of surgical patients, particularly those in Catalonia, Spain, but it has also been validated in other populations.

The ARISCAT score takes into account seven variables: age, preoperative oxygen saturation, respiratory infection in the last month, preoperative anemia, type of surgery (intrathoracic or abdominal), duration of surgery, and emergency surgery. Each variable is assigned a certain number of points, and the total score is used to stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk for postoperative pulmonary complications.

The clinical utility of the ARISCAT score is to aid clinicians in preoperative risk assessment and decision-making, helping to guide perioperative management strategies to reduce the risk of complications. It can also be used to inform discussions with patients about their individual risk.

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the ARISCAT score, but it may be less accurate in populations outside of Catalonia, or in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, as these were not the populations in which

Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score (ARISCAT score)

The Metronidazole dosing calculator is designed to determine the appropriate dosing regimen for metronidazole based on specific contraindications and liver function status. It efficiently navigates through user inputs to recommend a safe and effective dosage tailored to individual patient conditions.

Inputs required are:

- Contraindications:
  - Allergy to metronidazole
  - Hemodialysis

- Liver Function:
  - Normal liver function
  - Mild-moderate liver dysfunction
  - Severe liver dysfunction

The calculator employs a straightforward decision-making process:

- If a patient is allergic to metronidazole, the calculator advises consulting an expert for alternative treatment options, as administering metronidazole would be unsafe in this scenario.
- For patients undergoing hemodialysis, a dosage of 500 mg of metronidazole intravenously every 12 hours is recommended.
- Patients with either normal liver function or mild to moderate liver dysfunction are advised to take 500 mg of metronidazole intravenously every 8 hours.
- In cases of severe liver dysfunction, the recommendation is to reduce the dosage to 250 mg intravenously every 8 hours to prevent potential toxicity.

This approach ensures that metronidazole administration is adjusted appropriately according to the patient’s specific health conditions, maximizing efficacy while minimizing risks.

The Metronidazole Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of metronidazole for a patient. Metronidazole is an antibiotic medication often used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria and parasites. This calculator is applicable to patients who have been prescribed metronidazole and need to determine the correct dosage based on their weight and the severity of their infection.

The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure that patients receive an effective dose of metronidazole that is safe and tailored to their individual needs. It helps to prevent under-dosing, which may lead to ineffective treatment, and overdosing, which can cause adverse side effects.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator would include patients who are allergic to metronidazole or similar drugs, those with certain medical conditions such as liver disease, or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, as metronidazole can have harmful effects in these situations. Always, the use of this calculator should be accompanied by professional medical advice.

Metronidazole dosing calculator

The Levofloxacin dosing calculator helps determine the appropriate dosing regimen based on two key inputs: whether the patient has an allergy to levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones, and the patient’s creatinine clearance level. These inputs guide personalized treatment strategies that consider possible contraindications and kidney function, ensuring patient safety and medication efficacy.

- The first input assesses the presence of contraindications:
  - If the patient has an "Allergy to levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolone," the recommendation is to consult an expert to explore alternative treatments.
  
- The second input evaluates the patient's kidney function by looking at creatinine clearance levels, categorized as follows:
  - **Creatinine clearance > 50 mL/min:** The suggested dose is Levofloxacin 750 mg administered intravenously every 24 hours.
  - **Creatinine clearance 20-49 mL/min:** The dosage recommendation is 500 mg intravenously every 24 hours.
  - **Creatinine clearance 10-19 mL/min** or when the patient is undergoing **Hemodialysis:** Begin with Levofloxacin 750 mg intravenously once, then switch to 500 mg intravenously every 48 hours.

This calculator ensures that the dosing recommendation is tailored to specific physiological conditions, either modifying doses based on kidney function or suggesting alternatives in case of allergies, thereby enhancing patient safety and therapeutic success.

The Levofloxacin Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of levofloxacin, an antibiotic medication, for individual patients. This calculator is primarily used for patients who are being treated for bacterial infections, particularly those caused by susceptible strains where levofloxacin is considered an appropriate treatment option. 

The clinical utility of this calculator lies in its ability to provide personalized dosing based on a patient's individual characteristics such as age, weight, renal function, and the severity of the infection. This helps to maximize the therapeutic benefits of the medication while minimizing potential side effects and toxicity.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator would include patients with known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other quinolone antibiotics, patients with epilepsy, and those with a history of tendon disorders related to quinolone use. Additionally, it should not be used in pediatric patients due to the risk of musculoskeletal complications.

Levofloxacin dosing calculator

The oral opioid dosing calculator is designed to guide healthcare professionals in selecting an appropriate opioid dose based on a patient's medication allergies and comorbid conditions. The process is straightforward and relies on specific criteria to determine the best therapeutic recommendation.

The calculator first considers any allergies to hydromorphone, morphine, or fentanyl. It also evaluates whether the patient has any of the following comorbid conditions: being over 65 years old, having frailty or low body weight, being systemically unwell, or using sedative-hypnotic medications. These characteristics are crucial as they influence both safety and efficacy of opioid use.

The decision-making process unfolds as follows:

- If the patient does not have an allergy to hydromorphone, and none of the comorbid conditions are present, the calculator recommends a dosage of Hydromorphone 1 mg orally every 4 hours.
- If the patient does not have an allergy to hydromorphone but does have one or more comorbid conditions, the dose is adjusted downwards to Hydromorphone 0.5 mg orally every 4 hours.
- If there is no allergy to morphine and the patient does not have any of the identified comorbid conditions, the suggested dosage is Morphine 5 mg orally every 4 hours.
- If the patient does not have a morphine allergy and has at least one comorbid condition, the appropriate recommendation is Morphine 2.5 mg orally every 4 hours.
- If the patient is allergic to hydromorphone, morphine, and fentanyl, the calculator advises consulting with a pharmacist to explore alternative opioid options or to consider non-opioid analgesics, as all three primary options are contraindicated due to allergies.

This structured method allows for a tailored approach to opioid dosing, which helps ensure the suitability and safety of the medication regimen for each patient's unique medical profile.

The Oral Opioid Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to calculate the appropriate dosage of oral opioids for patients who require pain management. This calculator is typically used in populations suffering from chronic pain conditions, post-surgical pain, or cancer-related pain. The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure safe and effective pain management by providing an accurate dosage based on the patient's weight, pain severity, and previous opioid usage. It also helps in preventing opioid overdose by avoiding excessive dosages. Exclusion criteria for its use include patients with known opioid allergies, those with a history of substance abuse, and patients with certain medical conditions such as severe respiratory disease, liver or kidney dysfunction, or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Oral opioid dosing calculator

The Piperacillin/tazobactam dose calculator is designed to provide dosage recommendations for non-pulmonary indications based on the patient's renal function. By assessing the level of kidney function, the calculator can tailor the medication dosage to ensure efficacy and safety in treatment.

The key inputs to this calculator are grouped into the following categories of renal function:

- Hemodialysis
- Creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 40 mL/min
- CrCl between 20-40 mL/min
- CrCl less than 20 mL/min

Based on the selected renal function category, the dosing recommendation is determined as follows:

1. For patients on Hemodialysis, the suggestion is to administer Piperacillin/tazobactam at a dose of 2.25 g intravenously every 12 hours. Additionally, on hemodialysis days, following each dialysis session, an extra dose of 0.75 g should be given.

2. If the patient's creatinine clearance is greater than 40 mL/min, the recommended dose is 3.375 g intravenously every 6 hours.

3. For creatinine clearance ranging from 20 to 40 mL/min, the dosage is set at 2.25 g intravenously every 6 hours.

4. When the creatinine clearance is less than 20 mL/min, the dosing schedule is adjusted to 2.25 g intravenously every 8 hours.

This strategic adjustment of dosage according to renal function is crucial for providing personalized medical care, ensuring that medications are both safe and effective while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions.

The Piperacillin/Tazobactam Dose Calculator for Non-Pulmonary Indications is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of the antibiotic combination piperacillin/tazobactam for patients with various non-pulmonary infections. This calculator is specifically designed for use in adult patients who are not suffering from pulmonary conditions but require treatment with this antibiotic for other types of infections. The clinical utility of this calculator lies in its ability to provide accurate and individualized dosing recommendations based on a patient's specific clinical parameters, such as body weight and renal function. This helps to optimize the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy while minimizing potential side effects. The calculator should not be used in patients with pulmonary infections, as the dosing requirements may differ. It is also not suitable for use in pediatric patients or in patients with severe renal impairment, as the dosing calculations may not be accurate in these populations.

Piperacillin/tazobactam dose calculator (non-pulmonary indications)

The Meropenem dose calculator is a tool used to determine the appropriate dosing schedule of Meropenem for patients with non-CNS infections, adjusted according to their renal function. The process involves a single input where the user selects the patient's renal function from predefined categories. Based on this selection, the calculator provides a dosing recommendation to ensure efficacy while maintaining safety.

User Input:
The renal function options available for selection are:

- Hemodialysis
- CrCl > 50 mL/min
- CrCl 26-50 mL/min
- CrCl 10-25 mL/min
- CrCl < 10 mL/min

Computation Process:
The decision-making process evaluates the chosen renal function category and assigns a corresponding dosing recommendation for Meropenem. Here is how each selection translates into a dosing regimen:

- If the patient is on hemodialysis, the suggested dose is 500 mg intravenously every 24 hours, with an additional 500 mg administered after each dialysis session.
- For patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 50 mL/min, the advice is 1 g intravenously every 8 hours.
- Those with a CrCl between 26 and 50 mL/min should receive 1 g intravenously every 12 hours.
- A CrCl ranging from 10 to 25 mL/min indicates a dosing schedule of 500 mg intravenously every 12 hours.
- Finally, patients with a CrCl less than 10 mL/min are recommended to receive 500 mg intravenously every 24 hours.

This systematic approach ensures that dosing is adjusted to the patient's renal function, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

The Meropenem Dose Calculator for non-CNS indications is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of Meropenem, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, for patients with various non-CNS (non-Central Nervous System) infections. This calculator is applicable to patients of all ages who are suffering from severe infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and skin or soft tissue infections. The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure the safe and effective use of Meropenem by providing a personalized dosage based on the patient's weight, renal function, and the severity of the infection. It is important to note that this calculator should not be used for patients with CNS infections as the dosage requirements may differ. Additionally, the calculator may not be suitable for patients with severe renal impairment or those on dialysis, as these conditions may require a different dosing strategy.

Meropenem dose calculator (non-CNS indications)

The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) calculator assesses perioperative cardiac risks by taking into account six specific risk factors associated with the patient. Each factor corresponds to a condition or characteristic, and if the patient exhibits that factor, it scores 1 point. The total score, ranging from 0 to 6, represents the overall cardiac risk.

The six risk factors analyzed are as follows:
1. High-risk surgery (intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, or suprainguinal vascular surgery)
2. History of ischemic heart disease (including myocardial infarction, positive exercise test, ECG with pathological Q waves, current ischemic chest pain, or use of nitrate)
3. History of congestive heart failure (with manifestations such as pulmonary edema, bilateral rales, S3 gallop, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or pulmonary vascular redistribution on chest X-ray)
4. History of cerebrovascular disease (transient ischemic attack or stroke)
5. Use of insulin for diabetes
6. Preoperative creatinine level above 2 mg/dL or 178 mcmol/L

A boolean input for each risk factor determines its presence, scoring 1 point if true and 0 if false. The sum of these points results in the total score.

Based on the computed score, the calculator provides an interpretation reflecting the patient's estimated risk of experiencing a major cardiac event (MI, cardiac arrest, or mortality) within 30 days post-surgery:

- Score of 0: Risk is 3.9%
- Score of 1: Risk is 6.0%
- Score of 2: Risk is 10.1%
- Score of 3 or more: Risk is 15.0%

The calculator simplifies the complex assessment of cardiac perioperative risks into a quantifiable measure, guiding healthcare providers in evaluating and mitigating potential cardiac complications in surgical patients. Here is the summary of how scores are interpreted in relation to risk percentages:

| Score | Risk Interpretation                                  |
|-------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 0     | Risk of 30-day MI, cardiac arrest, or mortality is 3.9% |
| 1     | Risk of 30-day MI, cardiac arrest, or mortality is 6.0% |
| 2     | Risk of 30-day MI, cardiac arrest, or mortality is 10.1% |
| 3 or more | Risk of 30-day MI, cardiac arrest, or mortality is 15.0% |

This structured approach helps balance the decision-making process by providing a clear estimate of cardiac risk based on specific, patient-related factors.

The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is a clinical calculator used to estimate the risk of cardiac complications during the perioperative period in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. It is particularly useful for stratifying patients into different risk categories based on six identified risk factors: high-risk surgery, history of ischemic heart disease, history of congestive heart failure, history of cerebrovascular disease, insulin therapy for diabetes, and preoperative serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL. 

The RCRI is not applicable to patients undergoing cardiac surgery, as it was specifically designed for non-cardiac surgical procedures. It also may not be as accurate in populations not represented in the original study, such as those with less common comorbidities or undergoing less common surgical procedures.

Revised Cardiac Risk Index for perioperative risks (RCRI)

The Adult Appendicitis Score (AAS) calculator assesses the likelihood of acute appendicitis by evaluating patient symptoms and lab results. Users input data related to seven key indicators which are translated into numerical scores based on established categories. The scoring system assigns weights to patient symptoms and lab values as follows:

- Right Lower Quadrant Pain:
  - Yes = 2 points
  - No = 0 points

- Pain Relocation:
  - Yes = 2 points
  - No = 0 points

- Right Lower Quadrant Tenderness:
  - Present, male = 3 points
  - Present, female aged 16-49 years = 1 point
  - Present, female aged > 50 years = 3 points
  - Absent = 0 points

- Guarding:
  - None = 0 points
  - Mild = 2 points
  - Moderate or severe = 4 points

- White Blood Cell Count (×10⁹/L):
  - ≥ 7.2 and < 10.9 = 1 point
  - ≥ 10.9 and < 14.0 = 2 points
  - ≥ 14.0 = 3 points

- Neutrophils (%):
  - ≥ 62 and < 75 = 2 points
  - ≥ 75 and < 83 = 3 points
  - ≥ 83 = 4 points

- C-Reactive Protein, mg/L (for symptoms > 24 hours):
  - ≥ 4 and < 11 = 2 points
  - ≥ 11 and < 25 = 3 points
  - ≥ 25 and < 83 = 5 points
  - ≥ 83 = 1 point
  (alternative ranges for CRP are scored similarly based on different thresholds)

To compute the AAS score, each input response is translated into its respective point value. These scores are summed to produce a total score ranging between 4 and 23. This total score then helps provide a snapshot of appendicitis risk:

- A score of 10 or lower suggests a low risk of acute appendicitis.
- Scores from 11 to 15 indicate an intermediate risk.
- A score of 16 or higher points to a high risk of acute appendicitis.

These interpretations guide clinicians in assessing the probability of appendicitis, allowing for more informed decision-making in potential cases.

The Adult Appendicitis Score (AAS) is a clinical calculator used in the evaluation of adult patients who present with suspected acute appendicitis. This scoring system is designed to aid in the diagnosis of appendicitis, helping to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories based on a variety of clinical factors such as symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory results. The AAS can help guide clinical decision-making, potentially reducing the need for unnecessary imaging or surgery in low-risk patients. It is not applicable to pediatric patients, pregnant women, or individuals with previous appendectomy. It should also not be used in patients with other clear causes of abdominal pain.

Adult Appendicitis Score (AAS)

The ketorolac dosing calculator helps determine the appropriate dosing regimen or decision for ketorolac use, considering specific patient health conditions or characteristics. The user provides input by selecting from a list of conditions related to contraindications or dosing modifications for ketorolac.

The logic employs three primary categories to determine the appropriate action:

- **Absolute contraindications**: If any of the following health conditions are present, ketorolac should be avoided altogether:
  - Allergy to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  - Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease
  - History of asthma triggered by aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  - Active gastrointestinal bleeding or peptic ulcer disease
  - Pregnancy or currently trying to conceive
  - Decompensated heart failure

- **Reduced dosage considerations**: For patients who fall into one of these categories but have no absolute contraindications:
  - Age 65 years or older
  - Weight less than 50 kilograms

  The recommendation is to use a lower dose: Ketorolac 15 mg intravenously every 6 hours as needed for up to 72 hours.

- **Standard dosage**: In the absence of any specified conditions affecting dosing, a standard dose is recommended, which is Ketorolac 30 mg intravenously every 6 hours as needed for up to 72 hours.

By categorizing the input conditions in this manner, the calculator guides healthcare providers to safely administer ketorolac, adjusting for patient-specific risks where necessary.

The Ketorolac Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), for a specific patient. This calculator is primarily used for patients who require pain management, particularly in postoperative settings. 

The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure safe and effective dosing of ketorolac, as overdosing can lead to serious side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and increased risk of heart attack or stroke. The calculator takes into account factors such as the patient's weight, age, and renal function to determine the optimal dose.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator include patients with known hypersensitivity to ketorolac or other NSAIDs, patients with active or history of recurrent peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding, and patients with severely impaired renal function or at risk for renal failure due to volume depletion. It is also not recommended for use in labor and delivery, and in pediatric patients.

Ketorolac dosing calculator

The Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score calculator evaluates three specific clinical criteria related to the patient's current health status. These criteria focus on indicators of organ dysfunction, which can suggest heightened risk of sepsis and increased mortality risk. There are three input options users need to consider:

1. Systolic blood pressure <= 100 mmHg
2. Respiratory rate >= 22/min
3. Altered mental status

Each criterion functions as a potential marker of sepsis. The calculator does not assign numerical values; instead, it assesses whether any combination of two or more criteria is met to determine if the patient is at heightened risk. The assessment logic is as follows:

- Determine if any two or more of the criteria are satisfied.
- If both Systolic blood pressure <= 100 mmHg and Respiratory rate >= 22/min are true, or if both Respiratory rate >= 22/min and Altered mental status are true, or if both Systolic blood pressure <= 100 mmHg and Altered mental status are true, the result is interpreted as "Meets criteria for sepsis. Risk of mortality is high."
- If fewer than two criteria are true, the result is "Criteria not met."
- If no selection is made for all inputs, advise the user to complete the inputs with "Please make a selection for all inputs."

This calculator has binary evaluation criteria: either the conditions are met indicating a higher risk of sepsis and mortality, or they are not, meaning the criteria for suspected sepsis are not met. Here is a representation of the input-output logic in assessing the sepsis risk:

| Criterion 1 | Criterion 2 | Criterion 3 | Output |
|-------------|-------------|-------------|--------|
| True        | True        | Any         | Meets criteria for sepsis. Risk of mortality is high. |
| Any         | True        | True        | Meets criteria for sepsis. Risk of mortality is high. |
| True        | Any         | True        | Meets criteria for sepsis. Risk of mortality is high. |
| False       | False       | False       | Criteria not met |
| Partial Input               |             |           | Please make a selection for all inputs. |

The Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, commonly known as the qSOFA score, is a clinical calculator used primarily in the patient population of adults who are suspected of having sepsis. The qSOFA score is a simplified version of the SOFA score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) and is used to identify patients with suspected infection who are at a greater risk of poor outcomes, such as prolonged intensive care unit stay, organ dysfunction, or death. 

The qSOFA score is calculated using three criteria: altered mental status, systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, and a respiratory rate of 22 breaths per minute or more. Each criterion is given 1 point, and a score of 2 or more suggests a high risk of poor outcome.

The qSOFA score is intended for use outside of the ICU, as it does not require lab results and can be calculated at the bedside. It is not recommended for use in pediatric populations or in patients without a suspected infection. It should also not be used as the sole method of diagnosing sepsis, but rather as a tool to identify patients who may require further evaluation and management.

Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA score)

The Subcutaneous Opioid Dosing Calculator determines the appropriate opioid and dosage based on patient-specific inputs, namely medication allergies and comorbid conditions. The calculator accepts two types of user input:

1. Medication allergies: Users can specify if they have an allergy to hydromorphone, morphine, or fentanyl.
2. Comorbid conditions: Users can indicate if they are over 65 years old, have frailty or low body weight, are systemically unwell, or use sedative-hypnotic medications.

The computation involves checking the presence of specific allergies and conditions to determine a suitable opioid dose or alternative.

Key logical checks and decisions:

1. Hydromorphone is considered if there is no allergy to hydromorphone (A = false). 
   - If there are no relevant comorbid conditions (D, E, F, G are all false), the recommended dose is "Hydromorphone 1 mg SC q4h".
   - If there is at least one relevant comorbid condition (D, E, F, G are not all false), the recommended dose is "Hydromorphone 0.5 mg SC q4h".

2. Morphine is considered if there is no allergy to morphine (B = false).
   - If there are no relevant comorbid conditions (D, E, F, G are all false), the recommended dose is "Morphine 5 mg SC q4h".
   - If there is at least one relevant comorbid condition (D, E, F, G are not all false), the recommended dose is "Morphine 2.5 mg SC q4h".

3. Fentanyl is considered if there is no allergy to fentanyl (C = false).
   - If there are no relevant comorbid conditions (D, E, F, G are all false), the recommended dose is "Fentanyl 50 mcg IV q2h".
   - If there is at least one relevant comorbid condition (D, E, F, G are not all false), the recommended dose is "Fentanyl 25 mcg IV q2h".

4. If a patient is allergic to all three opioids (A, B, C are all true), a recommendation to consult a pharmacist for guidance or consider alternative analgesics is made.

5. If no selection is made for any required input, the calculator will prompt the user to ensure all fields are completed.

The Subcutaneous Opioid Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used primarily in palliative care settings. This calculator is designed to assist healthcare professionals in determining the appropriate subcutaneous dose of opioids for patients who are unable to take oral medications, particularly those with advanced illness or nearing end of life. The calculator takes into account the patient's current opioid dose, the type of opioid, and the patient's renal function. 

The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure safe and effective pain management for patients who require subcutaneous opioid administration. It helps to avoid under-dosing or over-dosing, both of which can have serious consequences. 

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator would include patients who can take oral medications, patients with allergies or contraindications to opioids, and patients with unstable or rapidly changing pain levels. It should also not be used in pediatric patients, as the dosing calculations for this population are different.

Subcutaneous opioid dosing calculator

The discharge criteria evaluation for appendicitis revolves around determining whether a patient is ready to leave medical care after undergoing treatment. This process hinges on assessing seven key health conditions:

- Vital signs stable
- Afebrile for at least 24 hours
- Ability to tolerate diet
- Abdomen soft and non-distended
- Absence of wound infection signs
- Capability of ambulating
- Comfort on oral pain medication

To decide if the discharge criteria are met, the system examines the first six conditions. Each of these is a binary check—either the condition is satisfied, or it is not. The patient must meet all six conditions simultaneously to qualify for discharge. The condition regarding comfort on oral pain medication, while important, is not included in the final discharge decision process.

Interpretation of the results is straightforward:

- If all six key conditions are affirmatively met (the first through the sixth), the patient fulfills the discharge requirements, leading to the conclusion: the patient "Meets discharge criteria".
- If any of these first six conditions fail to be met, the patient does not satisfy the criteria, generating the output: "Does not meet discharge criteria".

There's no numerical scoring or weighting for each condition; they are equally essential as part of a complete "yes/no" checklist contributing to the final decision. The outcome explicitly informs whether the key post-treatment milestones are achieved, signaling the patient's readiness to manage their recovery outside of the hospital setting.

The calculator in question is the Discharge Criteria for Appendicitis. This clinical tool is used to determine when a patient with appendicitis can be safely discharged from the hospital. It is applicable to patients who have been diagnosed with appendicitis and have undergone appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix).

The clinical utility of this calculator is to ensure that patients are not discharged prematurely, which could lead to complications such as wound infection, abscess formation, or readmission. It takes into account various factors such as the patient's pain level, ability to tolerate oral intake, presence of fever, and other signs of infection or complications.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator would include patients who have not undergone appendectomy, those with complicated appendicitis (such as perforation or abscess), or those with other serious comorbid conditions that would require prolonged hospitalization. It is also not applicable to patients who were treated non-operatively for their appendicitis.

Discharge criteria for appendicitis

The Naproxen dosing calculator is designed to evaluate whether a patient can safely use naproxen, an anti-inflammatory medication, based on specific health conditions that may contraindicate its use.

The input consists of selecting one of the following medical conditions:

- Allergy to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease
- History of asthma triggered by aspirin or NSAIDs
- Active gastrointestinal bleeding or peptic ulcer disease
- Pregnancy or currently trying to conceive
- Decompensated heart failure

The calculation process works by checking if any of these conditions apply to the patient:

- If the patient has an allergy to NSAIDs, a kidney issue, a history of asthma triggered by certain drugs, an active gastrointestinal condition, is pregnant or trying to conceive, or has decompensated heart failure, then the calculator advises against the use of naproxen. Specifically, it provides the output: "Avoid use of naproxen in this patient."

- If none of these conditions are present, the calculator suggests that the patient may use naproxen with the following recommendation: "Naproxen 500 mg PO BID PRN." This denotes a dosage of 500 mg to be taken orally twice a day as needed.

In summary, this tool helps ensure safe medication use by considering significant health factors that could pose risks with naproxen use, promoting safe prescribing practices.

The Naproxen Dosing Calculator is a clinical tool used to determine the appropriate dosage of Naproxen for a patient. Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. This calculator is applicable to a wide range of patients, including those suffering from conditions like arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, gout, or menstrual cramps.

The clinical utility of the Naproxen Dosing Calculator lies in its ability to provide a personalized dosage based on the patient's weight, age, and the specific condition being treated. This helps to maximize the therapeutic benefits of Naproxen while minimizing potential side effects and risks associated with overdose.

Exclusion criteria for the use of this calculator include patients with known hypersensitivity to Naproxen or other NSAIDs, those with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation related to previous NSAID therapy, and patients with severe renal impairment. It should also be used with caution in elderly patients and those with cardiovascular disease, as Naproxen can increase the risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

Naproxen dosing calculator

In selecting a prophylactic anticoagulant dose for inpatients, the decision process involves evaluating three key medical conditions: history of adverse reaction to heparin, creatinine clearance over 30 mL/min, and weight exceeding 100 kg. Each condition has specific implications:

- A history of adverse reaction to heparin requires careful medication selection.
- Creatinine clearance above 30 mL/min indicates normal renal function, affecting anticoagulant choice.
- Weight over 100 kg may necessitate adjusted dosing for efficacy.

The anticoagulant regime is determined as follows:

- If a patient has had an adverse reaction to heparin and their creatinine clearance is above 30 mL/min, Fondaparinux 2.5 mg subcutaneously every 24 hours is recommended.
- In the case of a history of adverse reaction to heparin without sufficient creatinine clearance, consulting an expert is advisable.
- If creatinine clearance is maintained above 30 mL/min and the patient weighs over 100 kg, Dalteparin 7500 units subcutaneously every 24 hours is suitable.
- When only creatinine clearance is above 30 mL/min, Dalteparin 5000 units subcutaneously every 24 hours is the preferred option.
- For patients weighing more than 100 kg without sufficient creatinine clearance, Heparin 5000 units subcutaneously every 8 hours is recommended.
- In situations where none of the above conditions are met, the standard protocol is Heparin 5000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours.

This method ensures that the patient's unique medical profile guides the selection of a safe and effective prophylactic dose.

The calculator in question is the "Selection of Prophylactic Dose Anticoagulant for Inpatients" calculator. This tool is used in the clinical setting to determine the appropriate prophylactic dose of anticoagulant medication for hospitalized patients. The patient population it applies to includes inpatients who are at risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). 

The clinical utility of this calculator is to guide healthcare providers in selecting the correct prophylactic dose of anticoagulant, thereby reducing the risk of VTE in hospitalized patients. It takes into account various factors such as patient's age, weight, renal function, and risk factors for bleeding and VTE.

Exclusion criteria for its use may include patients with contraindications to anticoagulant therapy, such as active bleeding, history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or severe renal impairment. It may also not be suitable for use in patients who are already on therapeutic anticoagulation or those with a low risk of VTE.

Selection of prophylactic dose anticoagulant for inpatients

The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) provides a straightforward method to assess the likelihood of appendicitis in children by evaluating specific clinical signs and symptoms. This scoring system is based on user responses to a series of questions related to their symptoms. Each symptom, if present, contributes a specific number of points to the overall score.

The symptoms assessed and their corresponding scores are as follows:

- Cough, percussion, or hopping tenderness in the right lower quadrant: 2 points
- Tenderness in right lower quadrant: 2 points
- Anorexia: 1 point
- Fever of 38.0ºC (100.4ºF) or higher: 1 point
- Nausea or vomiting: 1 point
- White blood cell count greater than 10,000/mm³: 1 point
- Neutrophilia with an absolute neutrophil count greater than 7,500: 1 point
- Migration of pain to the right lower quadrant: 1 point

To calculate the PAS, each boolean input reflecting the presence of these symptoms is evaluated. The response indicating the presence of a symptom adds its assigned score to the total.

Interpreting the total score offers a clear understanding of the risk level for appendicitis:

- A total score of 3 or less suggests a low risk of appendicitis.
- A score ranging from 4 to 6 indicates an intermediate risk.
- A score of 7 or more signifies a high risk of appendicitis.

This scoring system allows for quick assessment and can aid in clinical decision-making regarding the need for further diagnostic evaluation or intervention.

The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) is a clinical calculator used in the pediatric population to assess the likelihood of appendicitis. It is specifically designed for children and adolescents, typically between the ages of 3 and 18 years. The PAS is used to stratify the risk of appendicitis, helping clinicians decide whether further diagnostic testing, observation, or surgical consultation is needed. It includes variables such as anorexia, nausea/vomiting, pain migration, tenderness over the right lower quadrant, rebound pain, elevated temperature, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. The PAS is not applicable to patients outside the pediatric age range or those with pre-existing abdominal conditions that could confound the diagnosis of appendicitis.

Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS)

The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR) score is a clinical tool used to evaluate the likelihood of appendicitis in patients by analyzing symptoms and lab results. Input variables include vomiting, right iliac fossa pain, rebound tenderness, fever, polymorphonuclear leukocytes percentage, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein levels. Each response assigns a numeric score per predefined criteria. These scores are cumulatively calculated to determine the risk of appendicitis, guiding subsequent medical actions.

Here's how the scoring works:

- **Vomiting**: 
  - No: 0
  - Yes: 1

- **Right Iliac Fossa Pain**:
  - No: 0
  - Yes: 1

- **Rebound Tenderness**:
  - None: 0
  - Light: 1
  - Medium: 2
  - Strong: 3

- **Fever (>= 38.5ºC; 101.3ºF)**:
  - No: 0
  - Yes: 1

- **Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes**:
  - Less than 70%: 0
  - 70% to 84%: 1
  - 85% or more: 2

- **White Blood Cell Count (×10⁹/L)**:
  - Less than 10: 0
  - 10.0 to 14.9: 1
  - 15 or more: 2

- **C-Reactive Protein Level (mg/L)**:
  - Less than 10: 0
  - 10 to 49: 1
  - 50 or more: 2

The aggregate of these scores can range from 0 to 12. Interpretation of the total score is essential for clinical decision-making:

- A score of 0 to 4 suggests a low risk of appendicitis. Patients in this category might be suited for outpatient follow-up if they are stable.
- A score ranging from 5 to 8 indicates an indeterminate risk. Such cases often require active in-hospital observation, which could involve rescoring, imaging, or even diagnostic laparoscopy based on clinic protocols.
- A score between 9 and 12 signals a high risk of appendicitis, where surgical exploration becomes a considerable option.

Summarizing, the AIR score aids clinicians by utilizing patient data to produce a coherent, actionable risk assessment for appendicitis, thereby informing optimal pathway selection based on the severity of risk.

The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR) score is a clinical calculator used in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. It is specifically applicable to patients presenting with acute abdominal pain suggestive of appendicitis. The AIR score uses clinical and laboratory parameters such as fever, nausea, migration of pain, rebound tenderness, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk of having appendicitis. 

The clinical utility of the AIR score is to aid in the decision-making process for the management of suspected appendicitis. It can help to identify patients who may require immediate surgical intervention, those who may benefit from further diagnostic imaging, and those who can be safely discharged with close follow-up. 

There are no specific exclusion criteria for the use of the AIR score. However, it may be less accurate in certain patient populations such as pregnant women, elderly patients, or those with atypical presentations of appendicitis. It should be used in conjunction with clinical judgment and not as a standalone diagnostic tool.

Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score (AIR score)

The RIPASA score calculator evaluates the likelihood of acute appendicitis based on multiple clinical criteria. Each criterion is assigned a numerical value depending on specific user responses input into the system. The criteria include factors such as sex, age, and various symptoms. These factors are scored as follows:

- Sex: Female = 0.5, Male = 1
- Age: Less than 40 = 1, 40 or more = 0.5
- Foreign national: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Right iliac fossa pain: Yes = 0.5, No = 0
- Pain migration to the right iliac fossa: Yes = 0.5, No = 0
- Anorexia: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Nausea and vomiting: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Duration of symptoms: 48 hours or less = 1, more than 48 hours = 0.5
- RIF tenderness: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Right iliac fossa guarding: Yes = 2, No = 0
- Rebound tenderness: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Rovsing's sign: Yes = 2, No = 0
- Fever: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Elevated white blood cell count: Yes = 1, No = 0
- Negative urine analysis: Yes = 1, No = 0

The calculator collects these responses, converts them into their respective scores, and sums them to produce a total score ranging from 1.5 to 16. The interpretation of the resulting score is straightforward: a score of 7 or less indicates that appendicitis is unlikely, while a score of more than 7 suggests that appendicitis is likely.

The RIPASA score, or Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis score, is a clinical calculator used for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. It is applicable to patients presenting with acute abdominal pain where there is a suspicion of appendicitis. The RIPASA score is designed to improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce negative appendectomy rates, and aid in decision-making regarding the need for surgery. It incorporates a range of clinical, laboratory, and demographic factors, including symptoms, signs, and blood test results. There are no specific exclusion criteria for its use, but it may be less accurate in atypical presentations of appendicitis or in patients with other abdominal conditions that mimic appendicitis.

RIPASA score for acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis

Pregnant patients

Pregnant patients, management

Postoperative antibiotics

Postoperative antibiotics (chronic disease)

Patients with obesity

Pediatric patients

Pediatric patients, management

Pediatric patients, diagnostic imaging

Postoperative nasogastric tube

Risk stratification

Postoperative antibiotics, uncomplicated disease

Pregnant patients, diagnostic imaging

Nonoperative management

Nonoperative management, complicated disease

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

CT and MRI

Laparoscopic appendectomy

Nonoperative management, uncomplicated disease

Technical considerations for surgery

Postoperative antibiotics, complicated disease

Pregnant patients (laboratory tests)

Elderly patients

Pediatric patients, laboratory tests

Abdominal ultrasound

Blood cultures

Postoperative diet

Analgesic therapy

Explorative laparoscopy

Intra-abdominal cultures

Histopathology

Timing of surgery

Intraoperative grading systems

Patients with immunosuppression

Preoperative antibiotics

Updated 2024 SAGES guidelines for the management of acute appendicitis during pregnancy


Updated 2024 IDSA guidelines for diagnostic imaging and microbiological testing in acute appendicitis


Acute appendicitis

Background

Overview

Guidelines

Key sources